Compare And Contrast Lions And Tigers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Thoroughly analyze Lions And Tigers - Essay Example The paper talks about that the two lions and tigers happen to be enormous felines that share numerous similitudes and will in general vary in numerous perspectives. Lions will in general be the biggest individuals in the feline family that are found in Asia and Africa. Lions are for the most part yellowish earthy colored in shading with no unconventional highlights on their skin. Lions are bad swimmers (Robinson 46). Lions typically live in families called sentiments of pride, in which both the male and females partake in raising fledglings (Robinson 47). At the point when another lion assumes control over a pride, he executes the fledglings conceived of the past male that drove the pride (Robinson 48). Tigers are large felines generally found in Asia (Robinson 131). Tigers have a striped stow away and are for the most part yellowish earthy colored or white. Tigers are acceptable swimmers. As opposed to lions, the tigers don't live in sentiments of pride however will in general be separated from everyone else, aside from during the mating season (Robinson 131). The minding of the whelps is for the most part kept to the female. Tigers however being regional don't murder the offspring conceived of different tigers while pursuing a female. Lions and tigers both have a place with the feline family. Lions are for the most part found in Asia and Africa while the tigers are bound to Asia as it were. Lions are single shaded while the tigers have a striped stow away. Lions and tigers both happen to be regional. In mating season lions slaughter the fledglings conceived of different guys, while tigers don't do as such. Tigers, in contrast to lions, are acceptable swimmers. Lions and tigers both happen to be individuals from the feline family sharing numerous similitudes and contrasts.

Film and theatre Essay Example For Students

Film and theater Essay The Shakespearean play, Much Ado About Nothing, is customarily depicted overâ the theater, however there is additionally a film adaptation. In spite of the fact that there are a couple of similitudes between the film and the play, for example the content of the film is for all intents and purposes equivalent to the first play, there are evidently more contrasts between the two versions. Firstly, the play clearly is by all accounts altogether increasingly formal and genuine whileâ the film adaptation is depicted as progressively casual and fun. This might be on the grounds that the movie producer utilizes special visualizations and the engaging activities of the on-screen characters while the play can just portray and communicate everything methods for discourse. Another unobtrusive contrast is that in film, the articulations and activities of the on-screen characters playâ a huge part in a parody like Much Ado About Nothing. It isnt simply the content that makes giggling, yet the way where they are set up and conveyed. In the film, numerous different activities are indicated which are not in the play. Good models are Benedict shenanigans with a lawn seat, which add to the comic nature of the scene. Dogberry who is a jokester in the first play, professing to show up riding a horse, frowning, performing tricks like jogging around on a non-existent horse,â add to the giggling brought by the content which is his consistent utilization of wrong words in his discourse. These are the sorts of things that can't show up on the composed page. The film likewise contains a lot of dramatization, and the tenderness and power come as effectively and normally as humor and don't should be communicated in words. Also the on-screen characters articulations and development help to show their feelings, which in the play must be appear by their utilization of words. For instance in the principal wedding scene where Claudio blames Hero for being a wanton and indecent lady, Heros expressive response and crying summon feelings in the crowd and cause us to identify with her significantly more than when we read the play. The play doesn't state and portray the setting thus doesn't assume a significant job in building up the disposition of the scene. Then again, the film is set in the open country, continually outside in the daylight. The setting in a film is significant in light of the fact that it sets the state of mind. Using the wonderful rose shaded manor, stunning scenery,â it communicates the bliss of the scene to the crowd of the film which can't be communicated in words. Moreover, to keep up the irateness of the film and to keep the crowd attention,â many lines and addresses and even whole scenes must be cut, for example Act I Scene 2 and Act III Scene 4. Another distinction would be the utilization of music and move in the film. Music assists with drawing out the state of mind of the scene. Beatrice swinging joyfully superimposed over Benedick moving in the wellspring with taking off music communicates the bliss they were feeling at that exact instant. Significantly increasingly distinctive is move, which is available in the gathering and toward the end during the wedding, successfully depicts the glad and upbeat sentiment of the scene, which can't be appeared and portrayed in the composed play. Moreover the utilization of outfit in the film assists with separating great from evil. For occurrence, all the women are in white while the refined man in grayish and earth tones strengthen the rustic and blameless translation of the play. Wear Johns dressing then again is dull, which depicts evil. In end, the primary contrast of film and theater is that on the grounds that the film is broad media carries another measurement to the story line and causes one better comprehend the plot using music, acting and setting. Theater then again just can bring this out through methods for discourse making it less engaging and harder to comprehend.

Laurie Burns Studying Triple-GEM foils

Laurie Burns Studying Triple-GEM foils In 1997, Fabio Sauli invented the Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) at CERN, the worlds largest particle accelerator. A triple-GEM consists of thin layer of insulating material called Kapton sandwiched between two sheets of copper, making a grand total of three layers (the triple comes from the three separate GEM foils that are stacked to make the final detector.) The composite sheet is then patterned with an array of 600,000 tiny holes (about 70 um in diameter) using a chemical etching process The sheet can be used to detect particles by amplifying ionization patterns by up to ten times. Researchers at the Plasma Science and Fusion Center in the Laboratory for Nuclear Science (LNS) at MIT have developed a prototype detector. Under the guidance of Professor Bernd Surrow and a postdoc, senior Laurie Burns is testing and comparing two types of GEM foils that may be used in future models. GEMs are able to detect particles using well-known physical principles. When a voltage is applied to the foils, a voltage difference appears because the Kapton is an insulator and does not let current pass. This voltage difference creates an electric field, so if a few electrons were to come near the foil, the charge on the surface would be amplified below. It may be easier to think of the GEM as a sort of microscope for charges, where each foil acts as a lens. Once the microscope is hooked up to all the appropriate auxiliary equipment such as an oscilloscope, it can detect, for example, whether a particle is an electron or a positron based on which direction the particle turns in a magnetic field. Most GEMs currently use foils that were created by the CERN Surface Treatment Service. Since CERN is a research facility and not a foil producing business, MITs BatesCenter has begun fabricating its own foils. This is a very delicate process, as a piece of copper stuck in only one of the 600,000 holes can cause the foil to fail. Laurie began her UROP last spring and continued through the summer, where she mostly worked on using scanning software to examine the foils from CERN and Bates. As part of her senior thesis project, she will eventually conduct a comparative study between the two foils by making two model detectors to assess each foils properties such as its gain and lifetime. Once the findings of her study are complete, the LNS hopes to develop a triple-GEM that has a surface area nine times larger than the detector currently in use. Lauries research on triple-GEMs has a lot of fascinating applications. The application that I found most impressive was the ability to detect cosmic rays muons. In general, the GEM is better than other detectors because it is safer to use and produces more gain (ratio of signal output to input). As a physics (course 8) major, Laurie emphasizes that most physics students have the opportunity to conduct experiments in their junior year in the junior lab class. Through the class, students perform eight experiments that provide exposure to various aspects of experimental physics. She says that, in general, physics majors get their first UROPs in their junior year because a lot of background knowledge is necessary to complete meaningful research. Laurie also discussed some research being done by her fellow physics majors. They include studying: Lasers to figure stuff out about gravity (LIGO) Computer processes involving physics at the Lincoln Labs Computer simulations in a joint project with the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center A two-dimensional harmonic oscillator and finding the solutions to it Quantum physics String theory Time travel charge parody (to find out more about this, take Special Relativity (8.20) to find out how to travel into the future!) Astrophysics Lasers (pulsing, optical physics) Originally from Massachusetts, Laurie says that her high school physics teacher is one the reasons she decided to be course 8. In her free time, she likes to play the violin and in the past she was in the MIT Chamber Orchestra. She also likes playing intramural sports like ice hockey and is very involved with her sorority. Laurie is currently in the process of applying to graduate schools in applied physics departments and hopes to research optics in the future. She also has a minor in French and is thinking about putting some of her language skills to use while conducting research at CERN.

The Black Panther Party A Decade Like The Sixties

Batoul Labban Professor Logan ENWR105_CAFA15 15 November 2015 The Black Panther Party Out of all the decades, there has never been a decade like the sixties. The sixties was filled with diversity, hope, problems, anger and even solutions. A lot of different life changing events and organizations were taken place in the sixties. One major organization that took place in the sixties was The Black Panther Party. The major goal for this organization was to protect the African Americans and provide them with equal rights and opportunities. The Black Panthers used violence to get what they want. When The Black Panthers Party was formed there was a lot going on at the time. The creation of The Black Panthers was the result of the Civil Rights†¦show more content†¦The Black Panthers were an African American rebellious party that was founded in Oakland, California in the year of 1966. Huey Percy Newton and Bobby Seale were two organizers of the Panthers. Newton â€Å"saw himself as a revolutionary in his opposition to oppression and discrimin ation.† (Blake 248) Both Newton and Seale were in prison around the time that they created The Black Panthers. They sensed that violence was the only choice they had to get what they want. The Panthers usually set guards in the black communities to look out for police brutality and protected the people living there. The larger culture that the Black Panthers stood against is that of political and social domination. The Black Panthers wanted equal rights and opportunities. â€Å"Working class people of all colors must unite against the exploitative, oppressive ruling class. Let me emphasize again — we believe our fight is a class struggle, not a race struggle.† stated Bobby Seale. Bobby Seale felt like the issue was not about the race but more about the level they were at, at that time. Many people had many different ideas about the Black Panthers. Some pictured them as violent hate groups while others thought they were defending themselves and their rights. This all has do with how the organization acted towards society and how they were portrayed in the media or newspaper. The media saw the Panthers as the violent group who used violence against everyone. The Black Panthers had their own newspaper

Analysis Of The Movie Transamerica - 875 Words

Description: The movie Transamerica is about a man named Stanley who is in the process of trying to finalize his transition into a women. With the surgery finally only a week away, Sabrina aka Bree gets a call finding out that she had fathered a son with a woman from college. Now knowing about the son, her therapist insists that Bree go and reconnect with him before she goes on with this final transition. Bree reluctantly travels to New York to meet her son Toby who turns out to be a delinquent trying to move to California so that he can better his life by becoming a porn star. Bree agrees to then help Toby out by letting him tag along on her drive back to Los Angeles. During the drive to L.A. both Bree and Toby overcome a lot of obstacles that help bring them together to form a closer relationship. Towards the end of the movie Toby and Bree end up at her parents’ house where Toby soon learns the Bree is his birth father Stanley. When Toby finds out he runs away and continues his journey to L.A. by himself as does Bree. When Toby gets to L.A. he ends up starring in a pornographic movie like he wanted. As for Bree she goes home and goes through the final surgery to become a women. The final scene of this movie is of Toby going to visit Bree after he comes to terms with that fact that she is his father. (Tucker, Transamerica) Underlying Message about Sexuality: In Transamerica, directed by Duncan Tucker, the underlying message is all about acceptance and getting approvalShow MoreRelatedEssay on The First Gay Movie: Transamerica directed by Duncan Tucker2331 Words   |  10 PagesThe first gay movie I watched was â€Å"Transamerica† directed by Duncan Tucker. While reading its review, I was impressed and fascinated by one sentence â€Å"Bree is one in which many will identify with in needing to become the person you really should be† (Irapoport, 2005). After this movie, I started searching for other gay movies and continued to watch gay movies until today. I am the kind of person who enjoys movies; however, this does not apply to all genres. Interestingly, despite being a girl whoRead MoreThe Influence Of Age, Religion, And Intergroup Contact6284 Words   |  26 PagesIntergroup contact can increase tolerance and empathy while decreasing stereotypes, prejudice, and conflict. This can be used to explain the increase in acceptance of same-sex marriage among generational groups and religions. G.G. Lewis? (2011) meta-analysis of 27 nationally representative survey results revealed that respondents who knew someone gay, lesbian, or bisexual were more likely to support gay rights, a trend identified in every demographic, religious, and political group (Lewis 2011). DimockRead MoreGEs Corporate Strategy8780 Words   |  36 Pagesthe deal are harder for GE to justify. The media business is far more competitive than other industries in which GE can use its financial heft and strong brand name to squash the competition. GE executives have said they had no interest in owning a movie studio, with its unpredictable earnings and difficult personalities.†7 NBC Universal was divested in 2012, and Immelt said, â€Å"When we looked at NBC, we made the transition from network to cable and the next transition was Internet and I didn’t wantRead MoreCapital Mortgage Insurance Corporation (a)31612 Words   |  127 PagesCases, Fifth Edition Cases EXHIBIT 1 | Major Employee Relocation Services Companies Parent Organization Merrill Lynch Peterson, Howell, Heather Equitable Life Insurance Chicago Title and Trust Control Data Corporation Sears/Coldwell Banker Transamerica, Inc. 5,000 5,000 3,000 3,000 3,000 13,000 12,000 $975,000,000 900,000,000 375,000,000 375,000,000 225,000,000 225,000,000 225,000,000 Estimated 1978 Home Purchases Estimated Value of Home Purchases* Estimated Gross Fee Income†  $26,800,000 24,750Read MoreBrand Building Blocks96400 Words   |  386 Pagesor Tide or Heinz. However, it will always be an important, measurable brand characteristic. Perceived quality will directly influence purchase decisions and brand loyalty, especially when a buyer is not motivated or able to conduct a detailed analysis. It can also support a premium price, which, in turn can create gross margin that can be reinvested in brand equity. Further, perceived quality can be the basis for a brand extension. If a brand is well-regarded in one context, the assumption will

Skills Characteristics of Mental Health Human Services Workers Free Essays

Personal characteristics of a human services professional can be both essential and detrimental for success. Essential characteristics of a professional do not make the job easier. However, they create a higher tendency for the professional to work successfully with clients. We will write a custom essay sample on Skills Characteristics of Mental Health Human Services Workers or any similar topic only for you Order Now An open-minded professional recognizes differences between themselves and clients. They treat those differences with respect and include them in treatment according to the clients’ desires. Judgment can be appropriate in a human services setting. For example, a counselor may judge a recently relapsed client by revoking privileges within a clinic. Patience is the most essential characteristic. A professional must be able to deal with relapses in negative behavior. They cannot let human weakness impede progress. Professionals who choose the human services field in order to help people make genuine progress with clients. They maintain connections that benefit both parties. Detrimental characteristics of a professional do not make the job impossible. However, they can impede a professional’s relationship with their client when unchecked. A narrow-minded professional does not recognize differences between themselves and clients. They assume that differences result from a harmful lifestyle on the clients’ behalf. Judgment becomes inappropriate when it results in ill-informed assessments of the client. For example, judging a mother as incompetent without a full assessment is inappropriate. Impatience from professional to client can cause the professional to rush the clients’ progress. Internalized impatience within the professional can cause a lot of mistakes. Professionals who choose the human services field mainly for money make artificial progress with clients. The quality of their work is usually lacking. On the one hand, understanding both types of characteristics can provide a platform for change. On the other hand, that understanding merely provides a distinction for self-limitations. Aspiring professionals need to have or develop specific skills prior to employment in the human services field. Organizational skills are key to updated client information as well as clients themselves. A personal system – however ordered or disordered – must be easy for the aspiring professional to access and peruse. They must be able to find information as soon as they need it for whatever reason. Communication skills are key to creating connections with clients. Active listening includes physically and verbally showing the client that their message is being received. An aspiring professional must be prepared to create a report with their clients. Their ability to communicate effects the process of their relationship. Professional writing is key to documenting communication with and progress of the client. The aspiring professional must be prepared to use this skill daily. Moreover, other professionals may need to understand the writing. So if the aspiring professional uses shorthand, they must be prepared to provide a legend. Basic recognition of symptoms is key to referring clients to other professionals. For example, a nurse who encounters a patient who seems to need a referral to the behavioral health unit. When questioned, he or she must be able to provide specific rather than vague reasons. Safety training is key to effectively responding to emergency situations. Basic firefighting and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) abilities are essential to potential to saving the lives of one’s self, clients, and fellow professionals. Overall, an aspiring professional must understand how to preserve life until more qualified professionals arrive. These specific skills will not only help professionals develop effective, positive relationships with their clients. They will also help professionals overcome personal roadblocks to successfully carrying out their work. Skills become more effective as they develop. Even an aspiring professional who naturally has these skills can only benefit from continually developing them even after entering the human services field. Primary and secondary education (K-12) teach students organization skills and practices. Aspiring professionals can use these techniques as foundation for adult application. They can take the basic and develop them according to their individual needs. An institution of higher education (i. e. college or university) provides students with in-depth lessons for communication and professional writing skills. They help students work effectively and successfully within a professional setting of various sorts. Many employers in the human services field expect aspiring professionals to have a basic recognition of symptoms as well as safety training. Therefore, many provide continuous training for employees after they have obtained employment. Consistent development of these skills ensures the relevance and ease of their application. It also ensures that the professional will easily recall the lessons when needed. Learning is fundamental, but practice is vital. Actually putting learned lessons to use when applicable ensures ease of use by the professional with continued practice. Constructive criticism measures the effectiveness of practice from an outside point of view. It informs the professional of how their practices are perceived by others. Application of feedback combines learning, practice, and constructive criticism. This assemblage is important to the formation of a successful human services worker with their given field. As long as skills are continually developed within accredited settings, then the specific location of development does not matter. That the skills are developed is most important. Yet, while some aspiring professionals have some difficulty developing these skills, others will have an easier time. They are â€Å"natural born helpers†. â€Å"Natural born helpers† (NBH) exist. An NBH is someone with a set of traits that easily lend themselves toward helping others in the human services field. On the one hand, these traits will develop naturally mentally, psychologically, and emotionally as the individual matures into an adult. On the other hand, the environments in which the individual matures can be conducive in the advancement of these traits. An NBH tends to be somewhat sociable. They can be outgoing and conversational when necessary. Active listening is a skill that an NBH naturally has a tendency toward from birth. An NBH usually develops the ability of understanding in their environment because they naturally tend toward it. An NBH is born with the ability to be resourceful then naturally develops it as they mature. An NBH tends to either be aloof or overly-friendly in response to being overloaded with human service-like needs (i. e. counseling). Drama tends to naturally gravitate toward an NBH because their need to help is apparent. The tendency toward helping many people concurrently leaves an NBH with little time for themselves. As a result, an NBH usually has a reputation as being meddlesome. An NBH needs to find a healthy balance between being aloof and friendly with clients. An NBH must learn early on how to tell whether or not they can help someone. Delegating time between self and others is crucial for an NBH in order to maintain healthiness. Finally, the desire to help should never challenge a person’s desire to be left alone. Some people are born with attributes that either make it easier to work as human services professionals or that drive them toward the human services field. How to cite Skills Characteristics of Mental Health Human Services Workers, Papers

Pandita Ramabai free essay sample

She wrote many books including her widely popular work titled The High Caste Hindu Woman, which showed the darkest part of subject matter relating to the life of Hindu women, including child brides, child widows and the treatment they receive by the government and society. She had a strong view of what should be accomplished so women would be able to have more freedom, including protection of widowed women and child brides, as many of them were made destitute by their in-laws. Early Life Ramabai was born into an intellectual Hindu Chitpavan Brahmin family at Karnataka (Karkala Taluk, Mangalore District). Her father, Anant Shastri Dongre, who stayed at a place in Western Ghats, called Gangamoola, (Mala village, Karkala, Karnataka) was a Sanskrit scholar and believed that women should have education. Against the prevailing traditional Hindu social structure, he taught Puranas and Sanskrit shloks to Ramabai as well as his second wife, Ramambai’s mother Laxmibai and how to read and write Sanskrit as well as how to interpret Vedic texts. We will write a custom essay sample on Pandita Ramabai or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page She was raised by her father. Her father faced hardships as he was against the tradition and he advocated education to girl children. He proved in front of Hindu scholars at Soday, (Karnataka) that teaching ladies with Sanskrit was not banned in any Shastra or purana. [1] Her father, mother and sister died during 1874–76, and her brother and she traveled all over India and eventually ended up in Calcutta. Their travel included 2,000 miles by foot! [2] Ramabais Sanskrit knowledge bewildered the educated people of Kolkata and she was awarded with Pandita title by Calcutta University. She was also awarded with Sarasvathi title in recognition of her ability to interpret various Sanskrit volumes. After her brothers death in 1880, even though it was considered inappropriate for a Hindu to marry into a lower caste, she married, on 13 November 1880, Babu Bipin Behari Medhavi, a Bengali lawyer at Bankipore, who was not a Brahmin (a Shudra). Six months after the birth of their daughter Manorama, Babu died in 1882, and Pandita was once again left with just one family member, her daughter, Ramabai received a scholarship to study in England. During her time in England, she converted to Christianity because of monetary requirements; she was given money to get converted to Christianity. But did not ever lose sight of her goals. She clung to her roots and when she returned to India she started destitute homes and Christian Churches which had Sanskrit writing instead of traditional Latin which was used in England. Ramabai attempted to combine her new Christian ideals with her old Indian Culture and used this mix to promote change in India. Being raised as in the Brahman caste made her uniquely able to bring both men and women to Christianity due to that caste’s image as social leaders in India. She also went to America and travelled widely there for three years and gave lectures about the plight of women and child widows in India. Ramabai Foundation was formed at America to collect funds for the future projects of Pandita Ramabai in India and more than $30,000 was collected. More than 10,000 copies of her book High Caste Hindu Women was sold in America, the funds of which were used give shelter to destitute women of India! She wrote a book about her travels to the United States [She wrote about her American experience in a book titled United States Chi Lokasthiti Ani Pravasvrutta (Status of Society of United States and a travelogue)] and it has recently been published in translation as Pandita Ramabais American Encounter. The book is a travelers account of the people and culture of the United States. It contains a pointed comparison of the status of women in the U. S. and India, and strongly suggests that India should follow down the path of reform. However, the book is not without its criticisms of American society, particularly its race problem. Social Service In addition to her writing she founded the Arya Mahila Sabha in 1881, in Pune, the very first Indian feminist organization. She studied as well as taught about the issues which surround Indian women especially those involved in the Hindu traditions. She spoke against the practice of child marriage and the terrible constraints on the lives of child widows. Ramabai established the Mukti Mission in 1889, in Pune, as a refuge for young widows who were deserted and abused by their families. She also established Krupa Sadan, a home for destitute women. In Sanskrit and most of Indian Languages, the word MUKTHI means liberation. She was also involved in establishing a Church at Mukthi. The Pandita Ramabai Mukti Mission is still active today, providing housing, education, vocational training, and medical services, for many needy groups including widows, orphans, and the blind. She also started SHARDA SADAN which also dealt with providing housing, education, vocational training, and medical services, for many needy groups including widows, orphans, and the blind. Family Life As Pandita Ramabai involved herself in social service, there was little family life for her. Her childhood was full of hardships. She lost her parents early and her husband expired within two years of marriage. She had to educate her only daughter Manorama bai and she did this well. Her daughter Manorama completed BA at Bombay University and went to America for higher studies. She returned to India and worked as Principal of Sharada Sadan, Mumbai. With her help, Pandita Ramabai established Christian High school at Gulbarga (now in Karnataka), a backward district of South India, during 1912 and her daughter was Principal of the school. But, Manoramas untimely death was a shock to Ramabai and eventually, within two years of daughters death, on 5th April, 1922, she took her last breath. Her contribution to Christianity in India is much appreciated. [3] Awards and honors Pandita and Saraswathi at Bengal (before going to England), recognizing her skills in Sanskrit. Kaisar-i-Hind medal for community service in 1919, awarded by British Government. She is honored with a feast day on the liturgical calendar of the Episcopal Church (USA) on April 5. On 26 October 1989, in recognition of her contribution to the advancement of Indian women, the Government of India issued a commemorative stamp.

Quizzes week Essay Example

Quizzes week Essay When Sam thought about open Eng a foreign car repair shop n Phoenix, he researched all of the firms in the area before deciding on a local Zion. He also analyzed their capabilities and found articles about many of them in terms of their capability sees, strengths, and weaknesses. Secondary data 5 Which of the following elements of socio cultural environment can be associate De with the growing demand for social surrogates like social networking sites, television, and so on? Views of others 6 Which strategy does this exemplify? Kayak and Orbits provide their customers with a variety of travel options including flight reservations, vacation packages, flight and hotel option s with or without car rentals, and cruise offerings. Differentiation 7 A companys sales potential would be equal to market potential when which s tuitions exists? The company gets 100 percent share of the market. 8 Which of the following statements demonstrates behavioral loyalty towards a brand? Always buy My Favorite Laundry detergent when purchasing laundry detergent NT. 9 In the U. S. Consumer expenditures on homes and other large purchases tend to slow down during a recession because the consumers have a high debilitation ratio 10 During the holidays, companies Often provide gifts to customers. The more a client spends, the larger the gift, usually. To segment customers in this way, for what purpose is this data being mined? To deepen customer loyalty 11 Cost is able to keep its inventory expenditure relatively low through its man au gment technology and cuttings pointless inventory management technology. As a result, Cost o is able to pass these savings on to consumers in the form of low prices. We will write a custom essay sample on Quizzes week specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Quizzes week specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Quizzes week specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This strategy is best descried bed as overall cost leadership 12 Which of the following industries is most likely to use database marketing? A supermarket chain 13 Which market do customers who have purchased and are driving Audio automat bobbles represent? Penetrated market 14 When Apple introduced tunes, a new market was opened. Which of the follow wing describes this type Of innovation? Value capture 15 The Soccer World Cup is promoted aggressively to both companies and fans. This is an example of marketing a(n) event 16 Which of the following is correct about marketing management? It occurs when at least one party to a potential exchange thinks about the me mans of achieving desired responses from other parties. 17 Marketing is considered both an art and a science. How do the ups, or market Eng mix, help us bridge the gap between art and science? Marketing balances the need for data with that of creativity. 18 By 201 5, projections indicate that the largest category of households will be c imposed of childless married couples and empty nesters week 2 1 . How many primary groups does VALS classify U. S. Adults into based on per seasonality traits and key demographics? Eight 2 Which group is experiencing the fastest population growth today? Hispanic Americans When purchasing, in which state does the consumer set a minimum acceptable e cutoff level for each attribute and then makes a buying decision? Conjunctive heuristic 4 When searching for a supplier, which of the following provides the broadest r each of possible suppliers in todays competitive market environment? Internet Which market is known as the invisible market segment? Asian American Which of the following is known as the process of creating a segment storybook rd to test the attractiveness of each segment? Segment acid test Which of the following is known in marketing as attributes of a product or seer vice that may not be unique to the product Or service? Pianofortes What is the second stage of the consumer buying process? Information search 9 Which other criteria helps make up the three criteria for a successful brand m intra: inspire, simplify, and communicate Which term describes the diverse needs of many ethnic market segments? Multicultural marketing Which of the following marketing strategies does not concentrate on recognize ins differences in customers needs in the organization? Undifferentiated Which of the following do brand mantras attempt to define? Points of difference to other brands Which of the following is a tool a company uses to position its brands attribute sees in the minds of those in the organization? Brand positioning bulls eye Which of the following tools do marketers use to visually illustrate how cons mere view products or services on multivariate? Perceptua l mapping Which other dimension is the VALS classification system based on besides con summer motivation? Consumer resources What other dimension helps market segments be measurable, substantial, AC accessible, and differentiable? Actionable Which other factor does an organizations marketing strategy focus on: seem notation, targeting and positioning 18 In behavioral segmentation, a product or service is grouped by which other did mention besides knowledge of, attitude toward, and use of? Response to 9 Which of the following is used to determine a competitive frame of reference for brands to compete against other brands due to their closeness as substitutes? Category membership 20 Which of the following do marketers use to give consumers a special reason f or them to purchase a product or service? Value proposition 21 Which of the following would consumers associate closely with a brand? Offensivenesss Quiz Week 3 Quiz Week 4 Which type of distribution relies on some intermediaries willing to carry a part ocular product? Selective distribution What type of system does a firm employ to decide about the most critical decide ions management faces? Marketing channel system 3. What is the practice that allows companies to maximize their market share by believing a higher sales volume will lead to lower unit costs and higher longhorn profit while assuming the market price is sensitive? Impersonations pricing 4. Which marketing system is another channel development in which two or MO re companies put together resources to exploit an emerging market opportunity? Horizontal marketing system 5. When companies estimate the demand and costs associated with alternative prices, they will choose the price that produces maximum current profit 6. What is a simple way to engage in international marketing? Licensing What type of marketing system includes the producer, wholesaler(s), and rate leer(s) acting as a unified system? Vertical marketing system 8. What type of deal takes place when the seller receives some percentage of the e payment in cash and the rest in products? Compensation deal 9. What is an ultimate form of foreign involvement? Direct ownership 10. What type of marketing channel consists of an independent producer, wholes ale(s), and retailer(s)? Conventional marketing system What takes place when dealers purchase some or all of a product line? If Line forcing 12. When a seller agrees to accept partial payment of products manufactured wit h the supplied equipment it is called free trade agreements buyback arrangement 13. When the number of intermediaries are severely limited, this means an exclusive distribution 14. What type of distribution places the goods or services in as many outlets as p Seibel? Intensive distribution 15. Which companies have launched a website without any previous existence as a firm? Purulence companies 16. Which strategy uses the manufacturers advertising, promotion, and other for ms of communication to persuade consumers? Pull strategy 17. Companies are pursuing which objective when they start with prices high and slowly drop them over time? Market skimming 18. What mode Of entry is it when local and foreign investors share ownership an d control? Joint venture 19. Which strategy is appropriate when there is low brand loyalty in a category an d brand choice is made in the store? Push strategy 20. What form describes a buyer and seller directly exchanging goods with no MO nee and no third party involved? Barter 21. Which agreements are not necessarily illegal, but they do violate U. S. Law if the eye tend to lessen competition substantially? Tying agreements Quiz Week 5 Mountain Dew is a brand known for sponsorships of adventure events such a s snowboarding and skateboarding competitions. What is the most likely objective of Mountain De was sponsorship of these events? To create perceptions of key brand image associations 2. In order to help anticipate public relations crises its important to think about the possible events that could occur and the appropriate management response. This is often referrer d to as imagining the worst is based on the premise that marketers can no longer use interruption marker ting via mass media campaigns.

The Flow of Life essays

The Flow of Life essays Imagine a young girl is injured in a car accident and her mother dies instantly. The young girl is still alive but she needs to have a blood transfusion within minutes in order to save her life. The only problem is that the nearest hospital does not have enough blood reserves and the next closest hospital is too far away. This situation may sound farfetched but it could actually happen to anybody. According to Carolyn Gard, a writer for Current Health 2, ninety-seven percent of the people in the United States will receive blood at some point in their lives (Gard 28). A serious problem that Americans face today is the shortage of a reserve blood supply for emergency situations. Unfortunately, fewer than 5 percent of people who are eligible to donate blood actually take the time to do it (Feiman 17). People have many common misconceptions which lead them to refuse donating blood. Many people do not believe that their donation will make a difference. Also, many believe that donating blood carries certain risks, such as contracting AIDS and other diseases. Others are scared that the procedure of donating blood is painful. People who are eligible to donate blood should do so because the process is risk free, virtually painless and can help save lives. Eligibility differs from state to state, but most states allow you to donate blood if you are 18 years of age or older and weigh at least 105 pounds (Dinsmoor 23). One of the misconceptions that keeps those who are eligible from donating is the belief that their donation is not important. This misconception is very untrue. For instance, students at Calhoun High School in Merrick, New York, turned their gym into a blood donating center. The students collected 100 pints of blood which can be used to save as many as 500 lives (Feiman 17). Each person who is eligible to donate blood has the opportunity to make a big difference and save lives. Another ...

Arab Americans in Southwest Michigan Research Paper - 1

Arab Americans in Southwest Michigan - Research Paper Example A unique dynamic of the majority of these first Arab American immigrants was the fact that they were almost invariably single males who, disillusioned with the prospects that their native land could offer them, struck out to find new opportunities in the United States in elsewhere as a means of building their life.1 Rather than settling in the major cities such as Chicago, Detroit, or New York city exclusively, such as so many immigrants before them had done, a large percentage of these young men set out across the Mid-West seeking to earn a living as traveling/itinerant salesmen.2 Although it is of course unfair to categorize an entire population by the actions of a few, it is fair to say that those individuals who engaged in such a line of work found themselves to be quite prosperous; so much so that many of them went back into the cities and opening small stores and shops of their own. It was at this juncture that the idea and actuality of an Arab community within southwestern Mic higan began to develop. Similarly, as the community began to grow and develop, a more nuanced and diverse array of Arab American immigrants began to add their own particular touches to this community. However, such is not to say that the transition that these individuals experienced towards acceptance within the communities they resided was an easy one not marked by hardship, racism, and prejudice. As the numbers of immigrants entering Michigan and elsewhere as a result of what has come to be known as â€Å"the Great Migration† increased, so too did the resistance among the native population to their presence. As with many such stories of assimilation and immigration, the native population believed that the influx of immigrants based on the belief that these individuals were antithetical to the â€Å"American† way of life and held worldviews, religious beliefs, and key cultural differences that would not blend well with

Benefit administration method Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Benefit administration method - Essay Example Some of these issues could include, the data collection techniques, the purpose and scope of carrying out the research study as well as the type of research being carried out. In fact, according to Neuman, the dimensions considered by researchers will dictate the type of research study (2003). To elaborate, when time is the purpose of study, then the scope of the study will be either longitudinal or cross-sectional. On the other hand, the scope of the study will either be descriptive, exploratory, or explanatory if dimension is the scope of the study. Equally important, in times whereby dimension of study is the quantitative data collection technique, then the researchers will perform surveys, study existing statistics, carry out experiments as well as examine content analysis to ensure data validity. As such, quantitative measurement is generally a deductive process which involves constructing an idea or a concept then coming up with a measure that will enable the researcher to obtain empirical data. It is thus worth noting that quantitative management process starts with a conception and concludes with definite, concrete indicators. It is these definite, concrete indicators that researchers use to attain numerical data that is used for analysis. Therefore, the concept of quantitative research in general encompasses factors such as measurement, design, and sampling. This is due to the fact that quantitative research is established on a deductive methodology that places an emphasis on a comprehensive planning before carrying out data collection or data analysis. To repeat, in undertaking this research, we aim at not only understanding the concept of benefit administration, but how it influences the overall employee satisfaction in an organization. As such, we decided to gather information regarding benefit administration through conducting a survey. In addition to the survey, we carried out a number of structured and unstructured interviews that would

How gender is vital factor when explaining criminal behaviours

How gender is vital factor when explaining criminal behaviours In this essay the topic of how gender is a vital factor when explaining criminal behaviours will be, examined and analysed, to see the actual extent of genders impact on such behaviours. Gender refers to the opportunities and social attributes associated with being female or male. Different societies have different attributes and responsibilities assigned to males and females; they are socially constructed and are learnt through the socialization process. Gender also determines what is expected of a man or woman Soothill (et al, 2002) explained that criminal behaviours are types of acts that a society perceives as wrong doing, it is formally proceeded against by the law, and leads into convictions. Soothill (et al, 2002) said To understand criminology one needs to recognize that in the related social issues, the possible interpretations of apparent evidence represent viewpoints and philosophies which need to be examined along with the evidence gathered,. Many lives can be controlled by the personal fear of crime. The impact of crime on victims can be immense, and crime can be the harmful exercise of power by one person over another (Soothill et al, 2002). Soothill (et al, 2002) believes, Criminology shows us the diverse and sometimes divided nature of society, rather than always reinforcing the image of a homogenous, uniform society, There are various types of information and knowledge that influences peoples perception of crime. (Soothill et al, 2002). There are direct experiences of crime, mediated experiences, official information and research knowledge; these are the different types of knowledge that inform our understanding of crime. In 1997 the home office figures showed that only 17% of offenders in the British Criminal Justice System were female, Heidensohn (2000 cited in Soothill et al, 2002). In general women are likely to be convicted for offences such as theft or assault and handling stolen goods. Their careers in crime are shorter compared to men (Soothill et al, 2002). The number of women offenders are far less than male offenders, except in offences such as prostitution (Soothill et al, 2002). In terms of womens representation, serious crimes tend to be performed by men, rather than women. (Soothill et al, 2002). This shows that gender and criminal behaviour is stratified into specific types of offences, and the psychology of men can cause them to commit more serious crimes compared to women. The traditional sexual scripts that are within societies are heterosexual and gendered, so perceiving a woman as sexually aggressive, or worse, as a sexual offender, is contrary to the traditional sexual scripts'(Jackson, 1978; Koss Harvey, 1991; Byers, 1996 cited in Myriam S. Denov, 2004 p.3). According to Denov (2004) the criminal behaviour of female offending sexually challenges appropriate female behaviour, when compared to the traditional sexual scripts. Byres agreed that the image of women being described as sexually aggressive is excluded from the traditional sexual scripts, Byres OSullivan (1998 cited in Denov, 2004 p.4). This view of women not being suitable to commit sexual offences can cause females to become reluctant when contemplating whether to commit these types of crimes. These scripts also exclude the image of men as sexually reluctant or as victims of sexual coercion or assault (Lew, 1990, hunter 1990, Mendel, 1995 cited in Denov, 2004 p4). It is portrayed as an abnormality, if a male is sexually assaulted this is due to the perception of masculinity. Denov (2004) reports that up until the 1980s, female sex offenders and their victims were practically ignored, compared to males and their victims which were the main focus in reflecting traditional sexual scripts. Specific sex roles are assigned to each gender (Denov, 2004). The sexually aggressive role is assigned to men (Denov, 2004). Miller (Studying Young Women in Street Crimes). According to this collective story, the gang is an arena in which they receive status and esteem from being strong and being willing to stand up for themselves, exhibiting traits that cultural stories commonly associated with males rather than women, (cited in Bernasco, 2010). Comack Brickey (2007 cited in van Wormer, 2010 p.64) suggests that masculinity is the founder of the stereotypical bad girl she is tough spoken, of low socioeconomic status, aggressive and male looking. From the literature on female crimin al behaviour, we can construct a profile of the average female offender. She is likely to be plagued with poverty and to lack an education and job skills. She is generally young, unmarried, involved in unhealthy sexual relationships, and the lone caregiver of small children, (Chesney-Lind Pasko, 2004; Franklin Lutze, 2007 cited in van Wormer p.66). Wright and Jacobs (2004 cited in van Wormer, 2010 p.74) reported that in their study of young urban male offenders, they found that the conflict between men were influenced by the needs of maintaining gendered reputations. Miller (2008 cited in van Wormer, 2010 p.78) also found that compared to women, men were more apt to view robbery as one means of expressing their masculinity. Men stole items that expressed their manliness, to impress their peers. Girls and women, however, were drawn to take luxury items they felt they need but couldnt justify spending household income on, items such as cosmetics and jewellery (van Wormer, 2010). The blocked opportunities within societies that persist on material success tended to lead individuals into antisocial forms of behaviour, like theft, fraud or drug dealing. This is the opportunity theory. Van Wormer (2010) claims that females are prone to this due to the marginalization they face economically. Those without education or skills felt that they will never make it, pressuring them into committing crimes in order to make it, Van Wormer explained that sociological theories of gang delinquency argue that peer group affiliation and living in crime-ridden neighbourhoods promote crime, (van Wormer, 2010). Relationship and trauma are the main attributes of women who are involved in the criminal justice system; it has the greatest effect, (van Wormer, 2010). Van Wormer (2010) claims, We can sum up this truth in this way: Trauma breeds trauma and hardship more of the same, When crime is related to criminal thought patterns a history of victimization and trauma amongst offending females is greatly evident, (van Wormer, 2010). A vast majority of female offenders endured a tough upbringing which was physically and sexually abusive; this type of victimization is usually continued in their adulthood in the form of rape and battering, this provoked emotional problems and severe stress reactions, linking to the development of their criminal behaviour, (Belknap, 2007; Failinger, 2006; Franklin Lutze, 2007 cited in van Wormer p.66). Roberts (2007 cited in van Wormer, 2010 p81) reported Examined data drawn from a sample of 105 women in prison convicted of killing their husbands/partners and 105 b attered women in a sample from the community in New Jersey. The imprisoned women had a history of being battered. These women were far more likely to have received death threats from their partners than the battered women who did not kill their partners; these threats were specific as to time, place and method. In addition to a history of partner violence, the majority of the women prisoners had a history of sexual abuse, a substance use problem, had attempted suicide, and had access to the batteres guns,. Interviews with 130 San Francisco prostitutes revealed that over half reported sexual abuse in childhood and about half reported having been physically assaulted, (Farley Barkman, 1998 cited in van Wormer, 2010). Van Wormer (2010) reported Among men and women on probation, the BJS (2000) found that 6 in 10 women in state institutions experienced physical or prior abuse. McKee (2006 cited in van Wormer, 2010 p.82) focused on the characteristics of females who have murdered their children or infants, he evaluated this by using 30 females in his research, and they varied between girls and women. His research depicted that amongst the 30 females it included those who were: abusive/neglectful, psychotic/suicidal, psychopathic, detached or retaliatory. McKee (2006 cited in van Wormer, 2010 p.82) analysed Susan Smith, who drowned her children in a car, kill their children, then plan to kill themselves. Smith had many of the risk factors for suicidal murder: There was a high rate of suicide in her family, including her father, who died when she was a child. Susan was sexually abused by her step father and diagnosed as having bipolar personality disorder, her marriage was shaky and her children were very young, Psychiatric women who murdered their children often showed a high tendency of psychosis, social isolation, depression, lower socioeconomic status, suicidality, substance use, and difficulties in their own childhood, (Friedman et al, 2005 cited in van Wormer, 2010 p.81). La Tanya Skiffer (2009 cited in Van Wormer, 2010 p.76) Crime causation. Chris, a 22-year-old woman, was arrested for permitting her husband to sexually abuse her five and nine-year-old nieces. Chriss father was an alcoholic and was abusive to his wife and children. When she was 21, she married a 35-year-old trucker. In accounting for her failure to stop her husbands abuse of the children, Chris suggested that she acted to please her husband, so he would love her. Van Wormer (2010) had interviews with female psychopathic offenders which revealed how they reacted violently to personal insults. One 43-year-old female, for example, reacted to her neighbours racial slur in this way: She pulled out her knife and slashed the offending womans face several times, which required the woman to have other a100 stitches, Women frequently victimized other women whom they viewed as easy targets, (Miller, 2008 cited in van Wormer, 2010 p.79). Van Wormer (2010) said that Several of the women, moreover, reported feelings of power and excitement in beating the defenceless, such as dogs and children, According to Strand Belfrage (2005 cited in van Wormer, 2010 p.71) The women were found to display antisocial characteristics through relational aggression, lying, deceitfulness, and lack of impulse control, Testosterone levels are a vital link to criminal behaviour in both males and females, (van Wormer, 2010). An important hormone called cortisol is also vital whe n analysing criminal behaviour especially with females. It is classed as the stress hormone because it is secreted in response to stress. Women who are more likely to commit antisocial behaviour, like violence they are often low in this hormone, (Anderson, 2007 cited in van Wormer, 2010 pg72). Depression is a mental disorder that regularly occured in female offenders and especially adolescent girls, (Bloom, Owen, and Covington, 2003 cited in van Wormer 2010 p.72). Obeidallah and Earls (1999 cited in van Wormer 2010 p.72) examined the link between depression and delinquency was established through a project that was carried out by the Institute of Justice. Males and females had similar low rates of depression but the depression rates of females clearly increased, especially during adolescence. Van Wormer (2010) reported that Interviewers gathered a self-report data on 754 girls in urban Chicago. Comparing the antisocial behaviour of girls who were depressed with those who were not, O beidallah and Earls found that 40% of non depressed engaged in property crimes compared to 68% of girls with depression fifty-seven percent of depressed girls engaged in seriously aggressive behaviour compared to only 13% of those who were not depressed. Overall, these findings suggest that depression in girls may put them at high risk for antisocial behaviour, In 2008, 700 males and 1,640 females were killed by their intimate partners, according to the BJS (Califano et al., 2009) report. Research shows, individuals who are prone to depression and are treacherously violent are more at risk of murdering their partners and killing themselves to, when the breaking up of a relationship occurs, (van Wormer Bartollas, 2010). In conclusion the gender factor is fairly crucial when examining criminal behaviour because it asses involvement and reason. There is a higher involvement of males in the criminal system compared to females. Women mainly indulge in less serious crimes like theft, whiles men usually indulge in more serious crimes. Van Wormer (2010) explained that neutral offences like assault or theft have different meanings to males and females. Miller (cited in Bernasco, 2010) brought to notice how the relations with social genders have changed and is now situational. Situations like relationship and trauma are major elements when focusing on criminal behaviour through gender, relationship and trauma regularly occurred and seemed to have the most efficient effect on the cause of criminal behaviour. Pollock Davis (cited in van Wormer 2010) claim that Policy and decision makers apparently have come to believe the myth that women are more dangerous than was previously believed. It is evident because, the arrest for women increasingly arose for aggravated assaults and simple assaults. This is clear through the dramatic contemporary changes of criminal behaviour compared to the traditional sexual scripts. Van Wormer (2010) believed that the basic biological factors that impinge on gender differences in criminality are informed by research on psychology and neurology, A biological approach accepts that there are fundamental differences between males and females and that these differences interact with cultural norms to influence differences in male/female criminality. Referencing: Van Wormer, K. (2010) Working with Female Offenders: A Gender-Sensitive Approach: Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley Sons. Soothil, K. (2002) Making Sense of Criminology: Cambridge: Polity Press in association with Blackwell Publishing. Denov, M.S (2004) Perspectives on Female Sex Offending: A Culture of Denial: England: Ashgate Publishing Limited. Bernasco, W. (2010) Offenders on Offending: Learning about crime from criminals: USA: Willan Publishing.

Analysis of Strategy Formation Essay

Strategy is difficult to define. There are many popular and debated definitions available. One idea is that strategy is top management’s plan to attain outcomes consistent with the organization’s mission and goals (Mintzberg, Ahlstrand, & Lambel, 1998). Another definition is that strategy is an integrated and coordinated set of commitments and actions designed to exploit core competencies and gain a competitive advantage (Hitt, Ireland, & Hoskisson 2013). Some argue that strategy cannot be defined at all because many professionals including researchers, practitioners, and theorists all have different thoughts on what strategy is, how it is formulated, and how it is implemented (Dewit & Meyer, 2010). However, all of these ideas have something in common: a strategy is a roadmap for getting from here to there. It is important to understand that strategy is not a single concept, but rather a process made up of many pieces. For this paper, I will define strategy as a roadmap or blueprint for obtaining a competitive advantage. In this analysis of strategy formation I will examine the most important issues involved in strategy formation and explain why they are important, define how corporate-level strategies relate to business-level strategies and functional-area tactics and how these pieces support each other, and finally, I will outline the primary inputs to strategy formulation in a firm. But, before we answer these questions it is important to share a brief history of strategy. The word strategy originated from the Greek work strategos. Strategos was coined when Kleisthenis developed a fresh set of organizational structure in ancient Greece in order to promote a better army. The direct definition of the singular stratos means to lead (DeWit &Meyer, 2010). Essentially the concept is derived directly from a need for a higher organizational structure, change and leadership development. Warfare was pas the point of simply winning a battle but instead was focused upon the coordination of units and tactical approaches to battle (DeWit & Meyer, 2010). When we look at how strategy is formed today we also see a parallel in that firms must coordinate corporate-level, business-level and functional-level tactical issues in order to successful formulate a strategy. By coordinating the approach a strategy helps to gain a competitive advantage for firms just as it does for armies on the battlefield. Now that we understand the history behind strategy formation we will discuss the most important points of strategy formation and discuss what makes them important. Strategy formation can be arduous because planners love to plan out every single details of a plan and press everything into an orderly, mechanistic process (DeWit & Meyer, 2010). It is critical for strategies to follow a mechanistic process with vision and end goal in mind while having a big picture mentality that takes change management and flexibility into account as the unknowns’ surface. Without a proper plan to learn and address needed adjustments the plan can become easily outdated and ineffective. Strategy formation is described as being a new way to understand old problems, however, strategic planning and formation can lead to analysis paralysis if overly complex and planned out (DeWit & Meyer, 2010). Flexibility is an important piece of strategy formation and as strategists we must avoid being married to a specific set of ideas, but rather be open to learning, experimentation, balancing risks and rewards while working towards to vision that creates a competitive advantage. This pattern in a stream of decisions works to get a company to its strategic goal and vision (Dewit & Meyer, 2010). A good approach to this is letting the strategies emerge in the process, rather than focusing on the strategy formation in the beginning. Outside of recognizing the importance of change and emergence there are many other important variables in strategy formation. For example, many organizations develop strategies based on rigid changes like their core competencies, resources, demographics, and market demand. But, there are also many other softer pieces can be equally important when formulating a strategy. According to DeWit and Meyer the most cited key issues in strategy formation are: 1) overall organization structure of its basic management style; 2) relationships with the government or other external interest groups; 3) acquisition, divestiture, or divisional control practices; 4) international posture and relationships; 5) innovative capabilities or personnel motivations as affected by growth; 6) worker and professional relationships reflecting changed social expectations and values nd 7) past or anticipated technological environments (DeWit and Meyer, 2010). These key components help give us a good framework for the most important parts of strategy formation, but they don’t make up everything. Many managers are comfortable with the planning piece of strategy formation, but lag when it comes to actually putting the plan into action (Hrebiniak, 2005). For many organizations putting the strategy in place is the easy part and creating a winning strategy doesn’t actually get you from here to there. A solid planned, documented and even inspiring plan of action doesn’t gain a competitive advantage in and of itself. It is the execution of that strategy that makes all the difference in the company achieving that completive advantage. Here are some key challenges that corporations face when executing on a strategy: 1) the culture of the organization and how it was not appropriate for the challenges ahead; 2) incentives and how people have been rewarded for seniority or â€Å"getting older† and not for performance or competitive achievement (the sacred cows); 3) the need to overcome problems with traditional functional â€Å"silos† in the organizational structure and 4) the challenges inherent in managing change as the division adapted to new competitive conditions (Hrebiniak, 2005). Actually getting the strategy to produce the desired results can clearly be more difficult that forming it in the first place. Execution is not the last important point of strategy formation to discuss; the stakeholders also play a fundamental role in the formation of a strategy. A stakeholder is any individuals, groups or organizations that can affect the firm’s vision and mission, are affected by the strategic outcomes achieved, and have enforceable claims on the firm’s performance (Hitt, Ireland, & Hosskisson, 2010). These stakeholders can be divided into categories. Capital Market Stakeholders are the banking partner and suppliers of capital. Product Market Stakeholders are customers, suppliers, host communities, and union groups. Lastly, are the Organizations Stakeholders, which are comprised of employees, manager, and non-managers. These categories are divided from top to bottom in order of importance, which means that Capital Market Stakeholders have the highest level of influence and the Organizational stakeholders have the least. All takeholders are not created equal. The more critical and valued a stakeholder’s participation, the greater the firm’s dependency on it; greater dependence, in turn, gives the stakeholder more potential influence over a firm’s commitments, decisions, and actions (Ireland, Hoskisson and Hitt, 2008). A shift to more emergent characteristics in the strategy making process combining stakeholder considerations and strategic conversations during s trategy formation with select stakeholders is what makes the difference in a balanced strategy (Booth and Segon, 2008). The key point is the degree to which the stakeholder’s goals align with each other, and how those aligned elements are being addressed by the strategists in the organization. Strategic leaders are responsible and accountable for realizing the expectations of each of the many stakeholders. This accountability to the stakeholders plays an important part in developing the strategy. It can also impact the expectations of each of the stakeholders. For example, the vision and mission of the strategic leaders is shared with all of the stakeholders and their confidence or lack of confidence is a direct result of those strategic leaders. The expectations and composition of our stakeholders has a significant and direct affect in our organizations strategic formation. Of course, without security and surprise, a solid plan, execution strategy, flexibility, clear objectives, concentration, and coordinated and committed leadership, a strategy can still fail. Surprise strategy must make use of speed, secrecy and intelligence to attack unprepared opponents at unexpected time, while forcing the opponent to react to your company and not the other way around (Concept Paper #1). Security addresses keeping the core competencies, operations points and resource safe from the competition. For example, if our strategy is based on the talent of our human capital, we must work to keep the working conditions safe and happy so the competition doesn’t work to recruit our talent for their own strategy. We have outlined the most important points of strategy formation and discussed what makes them important, so now it is now time to define how corporate-level strategies relate to business-level strategies and functional-area tactics, and how these pieces support each other. Functional-area tactics are short-term activities each functional area within the firm undertakes to implement the grand strategy (Pierce & Robinson, 2012). Pierce offers three characteristics that differentiate functional area tactics from business-level and corporate-level tactics: 1) time horizon, focus on immediate activities; 2) specificity, business strategies provide general direction, functional area tactics specify activities and how they are expected to be achieved and 3) participants, general managers are responsible for business strategies, operating managers establish short-term objectives and functional tactics that lead to business-level success (Pierce & Robinson, 2012). These activities are put in place as a means of achieving a business-level strategy and so their relationship is one of vision versus direct action to achieve that vision. . A business level strategy is a carefully designed methodology that aids companies in implementing and carrying through with actions designed to meet the financial and other goals set by that business (wiseGEEK, 2013). Whether a firm has a competitive advantage or not, depends on the business system or business-level strategy that is has developed to relate itself to its business environment and if the configuration of resources (inputs), activities (throughput) and product/service offerings (output) intended to create value for its customers – it is the way a firm conducts its business (Dewit & Meyer, 2010). Business strategy can be further understood as the decisions a firm makes about its alternatives when competing in a specific market and how those alternatives works to bring their core competencies to the surface through cost leadership, differentiation, focused cost leadership, focused differentiation, and integrated leadership/differentiation. According to Hitt et. l, the risks associated with cost leadership are 1) loss of competitive advantage to new technology; 2) failure to detect changing customer needs; 3) the ability of competitors to imitate the cost leader’s competitive advantage through their own distinct strategic actions (Hitt, Ireland, & Hoskisson 2013). As also pointed out by Hitt et. al. , there are also differentiation strategy risks such as 1) a customer group’s decision that the differences between the differentiated product and the cost leader’s goods or services are no longer worth a premium price, 2) the inability of a differentiated product to reate the type of value for which customers are willing to pay a premium price, 3) the ability of competitors to provide customers with products that have features similar to those of the differentiated product, but at a lower cost, and 4) the threat of counterfeiting, whereby firms produce a cheap imitation of a differentiated good or service (Hitt, Ireland, & Hoskisson, 2013). Previously, we have identified how business-level strategy impacts functional tactical strategy and now I will address corporate-level strategy and how it, respectively, relates to these levels. A corporate strategy is what makes the corporate whole add up to more than the sum of its parts and typically comprises four concepts: portfolio management, restructuring, transferring skills, and sharing activities (Porter, 2008). Portfolio management and diversification are central strategies for any medium or large business. Market analysis demonstrates that many organizations that are medium sized and larger are made up of multiple businesses and offer several product lines that can cross industries and regions. Organizations can have very different financial characteristics and face different strategic options depending on how they are placed in terms of growth and relative competitive position (Dewit and Meyer, 2010). A portfolio strategy requires firms to grow through investment in existing businesses, acquiring new businesses and withdrawing from failing ones. As porter points out another form of corporate strategy is philanthropic involvement. When it comes to philanthropy, executives increasingly see themselves as caught between critics demanding over higher levels of â€Å"corporate social responsibility† and investors applying pressure to maximize short-term profits (Porter, & Kramer, 2002). It doesn’t end there though, another piece to corporate-level strategy is corporate governance. Corporate governance is concerned with identifying ways to ensure that decisions (especially strategic decisions) are made effectively and that they facilitate a firm’s efforts to achieve strategic competitiveness by maintaining a harmony between the top-level managers and the shareholder’s interests (Hitt, Ireland, & Hoskisson, 2013). We must also point out that mergers and acquisitions play a significant role in corporate-level strategy. Corporate-level strategy is made up of many pieces, but overall it shares the same goals as the other levels, to increase value by creating a competitive advantage. We have discussed the various elements to corporate-level strategy and now we will discuss how it related to business and functional/tactical-level strategy. Since corporate-level strategy is the highest level of decision-making and encompasses the end objective of the organization, allocation of resources, stakeholder’s goals and acquisitions is it always value-oriented, whereas, business-level and functional-level strategy is more relevant to each individual business entity. Corporate strategy is not the sum total of business strategies of the corporation but it deals with different subject matter; while the corporation is concerned with and has impact on business strategy, the former is concerned with the shape and balancing of growth and renewal rather than in market execution (Bhasin, 2010). Although there are different levels to organizational strategy they all relate and impact one another from the top down. Now that we understand the various levels of decision-making we will now turn to the various inputs to strategy formation for a firm. Before we conclude this analysis, it is important to review the different schools on strategy and those schools perceive strategy formation. There are 7 main school of strategy starting with the Design School. In short, the design school looks to create a fit between capabilities and opportunities or possibilities; it resulted in the famous SWOT analysis. Second, the Planning School also uses a SWOT like the design school to take into account internal strengths and weaknesses and external opportunities and threats. Although the design school doesn’t delineate the steps like the planning school does. It is this dividing into delineating steps that sets the planning school apart. The three phases of this school are: Objective Setting, Strategy Evaluating, and the Operationalization phase (Concept Paper #4). Third, in the Positioning School we see that the strategy formation is really driven by analyzing the market and deliberately implemented by those analytics. Forth, The entrepreneurial school is more of a singular vision of strategy from 1 person, namely the entrepreneur, rather than a collective approach as we have learned about in previous schools. Fifth, the Learning School of thought approaches strategy formulation in two separate models: 1) the grassroots model approaches strategy as emergent; 2) whereas, the hothouse model formulates strategy deliberately. Sixth, the Cognitive School states that in order to understand how strategies emerge from under other ircumstances we must look into the mind of the actual strategists. And finally, the last school is the Configuration School, as pointed out in Concept Paper #11, different dimensions of an organization cluster together under particular circumstances and conditions to define â€Å"states†, â€Å"models† or â€Å"ideal types†. It was important to review these various schools because when we look at the big picture of strategy formation and analyze how it is made up and why it is important we can glean important points from each of the seven school. Yes, the overall goal of each school is the same as the goal of strategy formation as a whole, to gain competitive advantage and overall value for the corporation, but it is not always as easy as following one school of thought. For example, what might work in one situation won’t necessarily work in another so as strategists we must be able to take pieces from each school and put them in place where appropriate to achieve our desired outcome for that particular problem. Now that we have some big picture understanding of the different perspectives we will now discuss the primary inputs of strategy. As we discuss the inputs it is first important to point out that there is a difference between emergent and intended strategy. Organizations always have an intended strategy but sometimes the inputs move them towards a more emergent strategy. While strategy formulation is the process by which an intended strategy is created, emergent strategies often come out of following a specific pattern in decision making. (DeWit & Meyer, 2010). The primary inputs are identifying, diagnosing, conceiving, and realizing; of course within this specific framework, there are more specific activities (DeWit & Meyer, 2010). The first input of identifying is outlining a mission and agenda, this could also include a vision statement. Diagnosing is the internal an external assessments, such as the SWOT analysis. Next, conceiving is the brainstorming process by which the participants envision where there are trying to go and how they will get there. This is the key component an input of strategy formation, and for most groups it can be the most difficult because it requires creative out-of-the-box thinking. Lastly, but not least, is realizing and this is where the rubber meets the road. It is here where specific activities must be undertaken to achieve the strategic plan. We have identified the most important issues involved in strategy formation and defined why they are important, differentiated between corporate/business/functional-level strategies and how they impact one another, discussed the various schools of thought on strategy formation, and finally outlined the primary inputs to strategy formation in a firm. Now it is time to dig in a little deeper and attempt to bring it all together and analyze what it means as a whole. From a big picture mentality strategy formation must encompass the important items we outlined, while also taking into account the potential for change. Having a change management protocol for the organization as a whole, as well as, for each of the subsidiary organizations is critical in today’s global market economy. Outside of change, as strategists, we must also clearly understand our competitors, threats and regions. Things like technology can play a significant part in the ability to execute on strategy. Surprise and security are also equally important to strategy formation. What this all tells us is what we discussed early on: strategy is very difficult to define as an individual concept. Rather than a singular concept see that strategy is more of a way of big picture thinking that is critical to achieving success in virtually any endeavor, not just business. Yes, you can get lucky and find success without strategy, but we could also win the lottery it doesn’t mean it is going to happen. A strategic way of thinking is also not just thinking it is an executable and traceable tool that can adjust and emerge as needed. As a metaphor we can use going to the gym for physical fitness. Our strategic vision is losing weight, increasing heart health and gaining strength. But, how will we get from here (fat, high cholesterol and weak) to there (strong, heart healthy and thin)? We start by developing an action plan, outlining the inputs and potential threats (bad eating, etc), and we follow our plan daily and adjust as needed based on what emerges from the data we gather. This methodology can be applied to any goal, and large corporate business is no different. Unless we execute by actually going to the gym, following and adjusting our strategy for maximum performance we will never achieve our goals, even if we are lucky. You cannot win heart health in a contest. The same goes for business you can’t accidentally win customers and keep them for extended periods of time with successfully executing on your strategy. As we continue and find success in the gym, we may choose to diversify and bring our success to our friend and family or co-workers. This portfolio diversification also applies to large organizations. Additionally, our goals in the gym have stakeholders like our friends, family, employers, insurance companies, communities and any organizations to which we belong, not the mention, the world as a whole that benefits from our staying healthy. This philosophy our strategic way of thinking can be with us every second of everyday, and by thinking strategically in our lives and our roles in business we not only gain competitive advantage but maintain that advantage overtime. In closing, from the origins of the word strategy, and earlier, human beings have been strategizing. We strategized how to hunt and now we still strategize how to hunt only we are not hunting mammoths, but we are hunted mammoth size endeavors that require mammoth sized strategies. As we create and execute a plan for how to get from here to there towards achieving and maintaining a competitive advantage, as strategists, we are constantly analyzing how to optimize our approach while limiting risks. Strategy as a way of thinking can also be approved upon and as humans we have the power and control to accomplish truly amazing things for our corporations and our world.

Brutality of Ivory trade Essay

In 1989, CITIES (the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) approved a worldwide ban on ivory trade due to extensive poaching reducing the African elephant population by more than half. However, levels of poaching and illegal trade are getting out of control once again. Since 1997, certain countries such as Botswana and Zimbabwe have tried to weaken the ban by allowing the sale of thousands of kilograms of ivory to China and Japan. It was not until 2012 that CITIES recognized that elephant poaching had reached unsustainable levels (Elephants and the ivory trade, 1). The illegal trade of ivory is pushing elephant poaching to the point where elephants are vulnerable to extinction. This terrible, wasteful act of poaching will put many species, as well as our own, at risk and harm the economy unless we take immediate action. What would happen if elephants became extinct? Elephants play a very important role in maintaining sustainable habitats for many other species (African elephant, 2). There are certain elephant-dependent tree species in Congo, Africa that have declined in growth population after more than 98% of the forest elephants have been killed by poachers. Forest elephants help these trees by spreading their seeds when they roam, and germinate them with their stomach acids. This dual relationship allows fruit trees with no other dispersal partners to ensure reproduction (Platt, 2). Depletion in these trees will have long-term ecological effects as the loss of one species directly impacts the whole balance of the food web (Bove, 2). If elephants became extinct, the elephant-dependent tree species would no longer continue to grow, causing  the herbivores that rely on these trees for food to essentially starve as well as the carnivores that eat these herbivores, eventually affecting all local people who rely on these organisms for food and me dicine. Can elephants be protected in order to save the economy? The demand for ivory is very high. Because of this, the price of ivory has risen causing the amount of poaching to rise as well. It has gotten to the point that the tusks of a single adult elephant can be worth more than 10 times the average annual income in many African countries (Rosen, 1). This is unsustainable for the economy because if we assume that these poachers hunt elephants into extinction, they will no longer have means of making money once the elephants are gone (Planet earth, video). However, if the conservation of elephants were to put money in people’s pockets, then poaching could be stopped. A way to do this would be by the means of tourism; tourists mostly go to Africa to see wildlife, and wherever there are elephants, tourists will go. Tourism brings a lot of money into the economy, and with more money coming from tourism, poaching will become less appealing to those who need money (Johnson, 3). What needs to be done to stop elephant poaching? Because demands for ivory are so high, measures need to be taken immediately to avert the extinction of African elephants. The only solution to truly protect elephants is to reinstate a total, permanent ban on all ivory sales (Sterling, 1). Other measures that also need to be taken include the application of strong law enforcement on international levels to ensure punishment, and the closing down of national ivory markets (Elephants and the ivory trade, 1). What is being done now to try and stop elephant poaching? Many elephants are being protected from poachers within national parks to ensure their continuity and survival. Organizations, such as the World Wild Life Fund, try and protect habitats by having anti-poaching patrols surveying areas within elephant ranges (African elephant, 9). There are many African countries that recognize the threat to their elephant populations and want to protect them (Sterling, 2). Among these countries, Kenya plays a  major role in trying to convince CITIES to reject any proposals from Tanzania and Zambia to allow them to sell ivory (Elephant voices blog, 7). However, most African countries do not have the power to stop these crimes from being committed without the help of European countries (Sterling, 2). IFAW (the International Fund for Animal Welfare) is urging the European Union to support these countries that are requesting assistance to stop poaching since they have the power to ensure that a ban on all ivory is reinstated (Sterling, 2). What could be used instead of ivory? Poaching is extremely wasteful. When an elephant is killed, the poachers usually leave it there to rot. Often times, poachers will lay new snares without checking old ones and elephants caught in the old ones are also left to rot. This has lead to many animals, including humans that rely on elephants for food to starve (Poaching in Zimbabwe, 1). Ivory is mainly used in the manufacture of piano and organ keys, and minor objects of decorative value because of its durability (Uses of ivory, 1). Ivory is not a necessity; there are alternatives to the products that we manufacture that don’t require the use of tusks. A good example of this is Ivorite, made from casein (milk protein) and an inorganic hardening compound, which has both the quality and durability of ivory (Rosen, 2). Products like this always have flaws, but there is always room for improvement. In this case, RPIvory, which is an unusual polymer, was created to improve Ivorite, which made the keys less slippery for pia nists (Rosen, 2). Science and technology have improved so much that there is absolutely no more need to keep removing tusks in order to manufacture minor objects that are not essential to humans. Elephant poaching is unsustainable in the sense that it harms other habitats by disrupting their sustainability; it is extremely wasteful because of the fact that only the tusks are being used, and it ruins the African economy. At the rate we’re going today, elephants will become extinct causing many species, as well as our own, to suffer because of our greed. The African economy is so bad that people would risk their own lives to kill an elephant in order to get paid by a supplier, who will then sell it for ten times as much. There are many things that countries and organizations are doing to help elephants, but there are still many things that need to be done. Ivory is not a necessity; there are other materials  that have been created to be similar to ivory that do not require the tusks of an elephant. Nobody in the world needs an elephant tusk but an elephant. If everyone did little things, such as signing a petition to refuse to buy items made from ivory or funding elephant protection, we would still be able to meet our human needs without destroying the sustainability of the environment. Our greedy and selfish acts are making a species vulnerable to extinction; Gandhi stated, â€Å"Earth provides enough to satisfy every man’s needs, but not every man’s greed.† (Good reads, 1). Works cited â€Å"African Elephant.† WorldWildlife.org. World Wildlife Fund, n.d. Web. 29 Mar. 2014. . Bove, Jennifer. â€Å"Why does it Matter if Species go Extinct?.† About.com Endangered Species. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Mar. 2014. . â€Å"â€Å"Earth provides enough to satisfy every man’s needs, but not every man’s greed.†.† Goodreads. N.p., n.d. Web. 31 Mar. 2014. . Kimani, Eddy. â€Å"EDDY KIMANI.† EDDY KIMANI. N.p., n.d. Web. 31 Mar. 2014. . â€Å"ELEPHANTS AND THE IVORY TRADE.†The Ivory Trade. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Mar. 2014. . â€Å"ElephantVoices Blog.† ElephantVoices Blog. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Mar. 2014. . Gilford, Gwynn. â€Å"wildsingapore news: 90 dead elephants in Zimbabwe are proof that the ivory trade has gone industrial.†wildsingapore news: 90 dead elephants in Zimbabwe are proof that the ivory trade has gone industrial. N.p., n.d. Web. 31 Mar. 2014. . Johnson, Glen. â€Å"Kenyan poachers make a killing in ivory.† – Features. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Mar. 2014. . â€Å"Kenya hunts for armed elephant-poachers.† – Africa. N.p., n.d. Web. 31 Mar. 2014.

The Rise in Popularity of High Protein Diets and the Possible Implications on Kidney Health - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2602 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/02/12 Category Health Essay Level High school Tags: Diet Essay Did you like this example? Introduction In 2018, High protein diets for example Dukan, Atkins, The South Beach, Paleo and Ketogenic are becoming increasingly popular. The general public relates these diets to a healthy lifestyle choice. A High protein diet is one that includes protein in excess of Dietary Reference Intake recommendations for a person without kidney disease (0.8g/kg/day) (Poortmans and Dellieux, 2000). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Rise in Popularity of High Protein Diets and the Possible Implications on Kidney Health" essay for you Create order There are various tests that can be used to detect kidney function. The most used test in the healthcare industry is to find the GFR (Glomerular Filtration Rate) of the individual. This is determined by first finding the creatinine levels which is a waste product found in muscle tissues in the body. When this is found the GFR level can then be calculated using this value as well as factors such as age, gender and race. In Ireland the most used method for detecting and measuring CKD (Chronic Kidney Disease) is to perform a five stage system test based on the individuals GFR levels over a period of time. The higher the stage goes the more severe the disease is.(HSE, 2018) In this study we try to find the correlation between high protein diets and the implications that could possibly be an outcome on kidney health. The increase and popularity of protein diets In recent years high protein diets have risen significantly in popularity. Proteins are essential nutrients, which are vital structural components of body tissues, for example muscle, hair and nails. Many individuals have now made a conscious choice to increase their protein consumption, and Nielsen has reported that 55% of households would regard high protein as an important attribute when buying food for their households (Nielsen, 2018). Due to protein being a vital component of the human body, it has major health benefits, which are the causes for high protein diets significant rise in popularity (Du, 2018). One of the prime benefits being that in studies where high protein diets have been consumed, it has been concluded that high protein diets are effective in promoting fat loss and therefore helping to maintain, or achieve a healthy weight ((Phillips, 2006), (Blachier et al, 2018), (Murphy et al, 2013), (Oh and No, 2018)). One of the reasons proteins helps individuals who consume it in high amounts lose weight is because tends to have satiety enhancing effects (Du, 2018). Protein is very popular amongst individuals who are also trying to increase their muscle mass. Protein promotes muscle growth because the building blocks of protein are amino acids, which help with cellular function and muscle repair. Therefore, if not enough protein is present in the diet, then there will not be an adequate supply of amino acids available for muscle metabolism and ongoing anabolism (Leal, 2018). Many studies have consistently showcased these findings that high protein diets lead to increased muscle mass ((Phillips, 2006), (Kadey, 2018)). In addition to this, high protein diets have been said to be advantageous for individuals hoping to increase their muscle strength (Kadey, 2018), and that these diets may improve training adaptations to exercise training (Antonio et al , 2016). Pros and Cons of high protein diet A High protein diet is one that includes protein in excess of Dietary Reference intake recommendations for a person without kidney disease (0.8g/kg/day). (Poortmans and Dellieux, 2000) An RDA is a general recommendation which doesn’t take many things into account calories, carbohydrate intake, biological sex, age, how active we are, how eco-friendly the protein sources intake is. Glomerular filtration rate is the most accurate overall measure of kidney function as recognised by the NFK Disease Outcome Quality Initiative. Fad diets have been known to influence high protein diets for weight loss. Only recently high protein diets have been compared to low protein diets for health reasons. High protein weight loss diets have existed in U.S. for years. Apart from their weight loss purpose there is a serious reason for concern as these High Protein diets clinically altar renal function. (Friedman, 2004). An Omni Trial study carried out in America states† high in protein diets can cause glomerular hyperfiltration, a potentially maladaptive response which may accelerate the progression of the disease†. Healthy participants involved in the Omni trial which replaces partial carbohydrates with protein had no kidney disease/problems prior to the trial. Participants keeping consistent weight followed 3 diets for 6 week periods with a 2-4-week washout period. The three diets consisted of carbohydrates, protein or unsaturated fats. Dietary protein making up to 15% of the carbohydrate and unsaturated fat diet or 25% protein of energy intake. Serum creatinine was recorded after each 6 week period. The protein diet when compared to the carbohydrate diet and unsaturated fat diet showed an increase in cystatin C-based Glomerular filtration. To conclude the Omni trial, Glomerular filtration rate increased following the High protein diet but there is uncertainty to whether high protein diets can lead to kidney disease in the long term. (Bernstein, Treyzon and Li, 2018) A high protein diet can be determined as follows: the total amount of protein, the percent of total calories as protein and the amount of protein(g) per kg of body weight. The Brenner hypothesis is the most cited reference in this topic. The hypothesis proposes that â€Å"the sustained rise in glomerular filtration rate due to a high consumption of protein is detrimental to kidney function accelerating a potential rise in renal disease†. (Tipton, 2011) In the UK, the normal intake of protein is 16% of energy intake for a sedentary adult which is around 64-88g/day at energy balance for both men and women. There is no one general consensus to state what a high protein diet is but it is referred to as a ‘protein-enriched’ in food industry for over 20% of protein from energy. (Johnstone, 2012) Long term clinical trials should be carried out to test increased protein diets in healthy subjects to determine how effective a high protein diet is and what the consequ ences are over a long period of time. Detecting kidney health and causes of poor kidney health The kidneys are a two bean-shaped organ that is found in vertebrates which is located on the right and left of the abdominal cavity. The kidneys have many functions, the most important being the removal of waste, toxins, sodium and water from the body. (NIDDK, 2018) Recently in the past few years people have become more aware of kidney health as the incidence of CKD (chronic kidney disease) has doubled; especially among older individuals. This could possibly be because of the increasing prevalence of conditions such as diabetes and hypertension in recent years which is seen to damage the delicate blood vessels of the kidneys. (Liu H, 2010) One in ten American adults is now living with some degree of CKD, and kidney disease is the ninth leading cause of death in the United States (NKUDIC, 2012) According to research done by (Stack et al, 2014) they were able to determine the overall prevalence of CKD in the Irish health system. They concluded that the prevalence of CKD in the Irish health system was 11.8% in addition to the rate of 4.5% in the general population. There was a higher prevalence of CKD in women than in men. (12.6% women versus 10.9% men). Another study which was done in the UK also discussed the prevalence of CKD and found that the prevalence of low excretory kidney function was 5.2% (Sutton et al, 2015) There are many tests today in the healthcare industry that can be used to test the kidneys. Blood tests, Imaging tests, kidney biopsy and urine tests are various assessments used on kidneys. The most effective and widely used method would be detecting GFR in the blood. As mentioned in the introduction the most used method for detecting and measuring CKD (Chronic Kidney Disease) in Ireland is to perform a five stage system test based on the individuals GFR levels over a three month period. The higher the stage goes the more severe the disease is. (HSE, 2018) The levels of creatinine which is a waste product in muscles is found in the blood and then this can be used to calculate GFR (Glomerular Filtration Rate) along with the individual’s sex, gender and age. A study done in Australia by (M Ludlow et al,2014) assessed local GP’S on whether they were following correct current guidelines when detecting and managing the kidneys. They recommended similar tests as explained above such as serum creatinine test, urine albumin creatinine ratio. They also were able to identify key indicators of increased risk of CKD such as hypertension, smoking and family history of kidney failure. Research done by (Sutton et al,2015) on the methods used in economic evaluations of chronic kidney disease used results of 2,671 papers that were identified in which 21 were included in the final review. Eighteen studies focused on proteinuria which is the presence of protein in the urine which in turn rises GFR. Three evaluated glomerular filtration rate testing and one included both tests. Why protein is needed in the diet Protein is essential in the diet. It assists with body growth and repair of cells. Without protein the body wouldn’t be able to function to its full capacity. According to the British Nutrition Foundation , the recommended amount of protein is 0.75g per kilogram bodyweight per day. This recommendation varies for each individual depending on sex and age. Protein requirement is increased for women who are pregnant or are lactating(British Nutrition Foundation,2016). In order for athletes to excel at their chosen sport the need for protein in the diet is vital. To prevent muscle damage, an athletes protein intake would be larger amount than an ordinary individual. An athletes protein intake should be in the range of 10-15% of their total dietary intake (Urdampilleta et al, 2014). An excess of 2g of protein can be damaging to the athletes performance. The National Kidney Foundation (2018) explains that the more protein digested the more the kidneys have to filter which puts stress on them. Diets with high protein content can be damaging to an individual’s health. High protein content is associated with the increase of Glomerular Hypofiltration, ( Friedman et al, 2010). Discussion With a protein enriched diet, evidenced based research and trials carried out show an increase in Glomerular filtration rates in addition to a high protein diet. Creatinine clearance is the measure of glomerular filtration rate. From reviewing this argument, it is shown to be a controversial topic as although a high protein diet is seen to increase GFR there is no evidence based data to state that the kidneys will suffer renal damage in addition to a high protein dietary lifestyle. Although a rise Glomerular filtration rate increases stress on the kidneys to filter more fluid which in long term may degrade kidney health. After extensive research regarding this particular field we conclude, that in order to accurate evidence based data to state the whether the effect of high protein influences kidney health. Long term research/trials must be conducted on this topic to support the hypothesis. Conclusion In conclusion to the argument ‘The Rise in popularity of high protein diets and the possible implications on kidney health’, there is no scientific evidence to prove high protein damages the kidney over short periods of time, but research shows that high protein does have an effect on GFR which in long term trials may result in damaging outcomes. Bibliography Antonio, J., et al (2016). The effects of a high protein diet on indices of health and body composition – a crossover trial in resistance-trained men. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 13(1), pp.6-7. Austin G Stack,Liam F Casserly,Cornelius J Cronin,Tetyana Chernenko, Walter Cullen,Ailish Hannigan, Rajiv Saran, Howard Johnson,Gemma Browne, John P Ferguson . (25 November 2014). Prevalence and variation of Chronic Kidney Disease in the Irish health system: initial findings from the National Kidney Disease Surveillance Programme. BMC Nephrology2014. 15 (185), 12. 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Available at: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/proceedings-of-the-nutrition-society/article/efficacy-and-consequences-of-veryhighprotein-diets-for-athletes-and-exercisers/E4773A654FFC8F640299821A13D1A368/core-reader [Accessed 7 Nov. 2018]. Urdampilleta. A, Vicent-Salar. N, Martinez- Sanz. J. M.(2014). Protein needs in athletes and dietary-nutrition guidelines to gain muscle mass, Revista Espaà ±ola de Nutricià ³n Humana y Dietà ©tica, 16(1).